| Summary of Endings |
|---|
Активный - насто. вр.
окончание - юш ущ ащ ящ Активный - прош. вр. окончание - вш ш Пассивный - насто. вр. (s + o passive -> P + ся) окончание - им (II) ем (I) Пассивный - прош. вр. окончание - нн енн т |
| Some Verbs | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| Irregular Verbs |
|---|
|
брать -- берущий жить -- живущий идти -- идущий ехать -- едущий бежать -- бегущий |
| Active Adjectival Participles - Прошедшое время (Past) |
|---|
These replace который clauses and contain a verb in the past tense:
я знаю писателя, написавшего (который написал) эту книгу. Formation: they are formed from the past stem by dropping the -л ending and adding вш- followed by the adjectival ending: жить + вш (живш-) + окончание (ий, ая, ое, ие) |
| Active Adjectival Participles - Настояшое время (Present) |
|---|
These replace который clauses and contain a verb in the present tense:
я знаю инженера, работающего (который работает) на этом заводе.Formation: these are formed from the present tense conjugation stem as it appears in the third person plural. The final -т is dropped and to this stem is added -щ followed by the adjectival ending: ют/ут - ющ/ущ + окончание |
| Passive Adjectival Participles (Past) |
|---|
These modify the object of an action. The actor may be in the instrumental case. As a contrast, an active participle looks like this:
журналист, написавший статью...(the journalist who wrote the article...)A passive participle says this: статья, написанная журналистом... (the article written by the journalist...)These are always derived from perfective verbs: я прочитал статью, написанную моим знакомым (которую написал мой знакомый)Formation: very complex. Typical ones contain -нн- (услышанный), -енн - (найденный), -т- (одетый) |
| Passive Adjectival Participles - Настояшое время (Present) |
|---|
These are less common. They are all formed from perfective verbs and emphasize the continuance of an action over a period of time:
я не читал книги, критикуемой автором этой статьи (которую крититует автор...) (I have not read the book currently under criticism by the author)They are formed from the мы declension as follows: изучать -- изучаем + окончание |
| Predicate forms of passive adjectivals (short forms) |
|---|
When used predicatively, these forms are mandatory:
это письмо было написано мной в маеHere the ending is dropped and the word is conjugated with письмо -- possible endings are thus -а, -о, -ы. |
| Adverbial Participles |
|---|
In a sentence with one subject and two predicate verbs, one of the verbs can change to an adverbial participle. Thus, the sentence:
он сидел у окна и читал газету (he sat by the window and read the paper)can be rendered он сидел у окна читая газету (he sat by the window reading the paper)These don't have adjectival endings, so they aren't adjectives. |
| Past Adverbial Participles |
|---|
These refer to actions performed and terminated proir to the action of the predicate verb. As such
they are derived from perfective verbs:
Прочитав книгу, я вернул её в библиотекуFormation: they come from the past tense stem and take -в написа(л) -- написавA less common variant is formed with -ши-, -вши-. These tend to occur in words where we have a consonant ending and the -сти- verbs, but not always: написав -- написавшиSometimes, they can end in -я as in увидя or придя or we have wierd ones like учась. The important thing to remember is that in past adverbials, the sequence be correct in terms of when things happen: the action of the participle must precede the action of the main verb, regardless of whether the action of the main verb happens in the past, present, or future. Thus: Прочитав письмо, Виктор пошёлYou can also say: Прочитав письмо, Виктор идёт... Having read the letter, Victor goes... Or Прочитав письмо, Виктор поидёт...Forget about the ending -- it is an unreliable index. The important thing is knowing the aspect of the verb and the context of the statement. |
| Present Adverbial Participles |
|---|
|
These refer to actions in progress during the action of the predicate verb. Again, the important
thing to remember is the sequence be correct in terms of when things happen. The action
of the participle must occur simultaneously to the action of the main verb, regardless of
whether the main verb happens in the past, present, or future.
These are always formed from imperfective verbs: Думая о детстве, я всегда вспоминаю бабушкуNegative adverbial participles correspond to English use of 'without' and the verbal noun -ing. Он ответил не думая (He answered without thinking)Both past and present adverbial participles can be used in impersonal constructions, such as: Нельзя переходить улицу читая газетуFormation: they are formed from the present stem of the verb (the third person plural). The -ут/-ют, -ат/-ят is dropped, and -я is added (-а after ж ч ш щ): начина(ют) -- начинаяA number of perfective verbs (especially prefixed verbs of motion -- идти, нести, везти) form their past adverbial participle on the pattern of present adverbial participles -- that is, not the past tense stem with the element -в- but the present future stem with -я (-а). Past adverbial participle from perfective: уити -- уид(ут) -- уйдя (Having left)Past adverbial participle from imperfective: уходить -- уход(ят) -- уходя (leaving) приносить -- принос(ят) -- принося (bringing) |